머리말 This year marks the 67th anniversary of the inauguration of the first administration of the Republic of Korea. The country has since grown remarkably to become the world’s 10th biggest economy. The world marveled at the astonishing growth of the country, with many developing countries striving to learn from the experience of the Republic of Korea. The government of the Republic of Korea has always been in the center stage of the country’s rapid development. Numerous administrations have come and gone since the inauguration of the Syngman Rhee administration in 1948, each of them pushing forward with its own policy initiatives and national projects. Thanks to such governmental policy initiatives and national projects, the country was able to erase the scars of the Korean War that broke out in 1950 while accomplishing unprecedented economic growth and democratization of its political system at the same time. Not all policy initiatives were successful, though; some of them disappointed the people by failing to meet the promised goals set for national development and the uplifting of the living standards of the people. Success or failure notwithstanding, all the policy initiatives that were pushed forward and implemented by the governments of the Republic of Korea are the legacy of the country’s modern history as well as precious references worth consulting by the future administrations when they establish and implement their own policy packages. Furthermore, the key policy initiatives of the past governments of the Republic of Korea are the object of attention of many countries the world over, including many developing countries. Therefore, an analysis of the factors that contributed to the success or failure of the policies that were pushed forward by the past governments of the Republic of Korea, and the utilization of those analysis results as reference points for the policy planning and implementation of the future administrations, would be absolutely required. The Korea Institute of Public Administration(KIPA), a government?affiliated national research and development institute within the jurisdiction of the Prime Ministerial Office, has embarked on a publishing project with the aim of identifying the key policies that were implemented by the past governments of the Republic of Korea as well as the background of each policy initiative and its execution. The endeavor materialized in the form of Key Policies and Administration of the Governments of the Republic of Korea, an eight?volume book that deals with the related issues comprehensively. The project of compiling and publishing the Korean edition, which had been planned and implemented since the latter part of 2013 with the participation of 80 scholars from the Korea Institute of Public Administration and other institutions, covers the development of the key policy initiatives and administration of the past governments of the Republic of Korea, from the Syngman Rhee administration to the Lee Myung Bak administration, from an objective and comprehensive perspective. The key sub-topics were selected by the Korea Institute of Public Administration, but the direction and contents of each selected subtopic were left to the discretion of each writer. This book was completed by summarizing and editing the eight-volume Korean version published in 2014 and then translating the result into English. The book is made up of eight chapters, starting from Chapter 1: The Syngman Rhee/Jang Myeon Administration to Chapter 8: The Lee Myung Bak Administration. With the exception of the Heo Jeong Cabinet, which was an interim government, and the incumbency of President Choi Kyu Ha, the book covers the key policy initiatives and national projects of the past governments of the Republic of Korea as well as their efforts to reform the government. The introduction to this research can be found in the front section of Chapter 1, and the conclusion, in the concluding section of Chapter 8. Each government was covered in three major sections, with the exception of the short?lived Jang Myeon administration, with section 1 focusing on explaining the inauguration of each administration as well as the basis of the respective government administrations. Section 1 contains a general introduction of each administration as well as an analysis of the key goals and directions of the respective government administrations, and section 2 of each chapter contains an analysis of the key policy initiatives and national projects that were pushed forward by each administration. The key policy initiatives and national projects that were included in section 2 of each chapter were selected by identifying the key policies that each administration made its priority as well as those that were the objects of national controversy, and section 3 of each chapter deals with the government reforms implemented by each administration. The publication of this book was the brainchild of Prof. Lee Eun Jae. She is the former president of the Korea Institute of Public Administration who was at the helm of planning and execution of the project before her retirement in September 2015. Without her relentless effort and enthusiasm, this book would not have seen the light of day. I am sincerely grateful to Prof. Lee for the unwavering support and dedication she has given to this endeavor. Finally, I would like to extend my sincere gratitude to all the writers, editorial committee members, and advisory committee members who made valuable contributions to this work. I genuinely hope that the achievements contained in this marvelous endeavor would provide valuable insight to the researchers of the Republic of Korea as well as to the world’s policymakers. Thank you. December 2015 Dr. Yoon-Soo Jung President of KIPA 차 례 Introduction 1 1. Objective of Study 1 2. Nation Building 2 3. Modernization 5 4. Democratization 7 5. Advancement 13 6. Conclusions 15 Chapter 1 The Syngman Rhee/Jang Myeon Administration Section 1. Inauguration of the Syngman Rhee Administration and Foundation of Key Policy Administration 19 1. Inauguration of the administration and introduction ofits organization 19 2. Objectives and directions of the government administration 23 Section 2. Key Policy Initiatives 26 1. Establishment of a legal system that would support the realizationof a democratic constitutional state 26 2. Establishment of a modern defense and security system 33 3. Farmland Reform 41 4. Declaration of the Peace Line: Defending the country’s sovereigntyover territorial waters 46 5. Overcoming the damages wrought by the Korean War andreconstruction of the country 52 Section 3. The Government Reform of the Syngman Rhee Administration 60 1. Background and direction of the government reform 60 2. Contents of the government reform 62 3. Performance and assessment of the government reform 65 Section 4. Inauguration of the Jang Myeon Administration and Foundation of Key Policy Administration 68 1. Inauguration of the administration and introduction ofits organization 68 2. Goal and direction of the government reform 71 Chapter 2 The Park Jung Hee Administration Section 1. Inauguration of the Park Jung Hee Administration and Foundation of Key Policy Administration 75 1. Inauguration of the administration and introduction ofits organization 75 2. Objectives and directions of the government administration 78 Section 2. Key Policy Initiatives 82 1. Gyeongbu Expressway: Construction of a transportation networkinterconnecting the entire nation 82 2. The Saemaul Movement: Rural modernization realized throughcollaboration between the government and the private sector 88 3. The Five-Year Economic Development Plan, the driving force behindthe rapid economic growth of South Korea 94 4. Export and heavy chemical industries for the leap forward to anadvanced economy 100 5. The 10-Year National Land Development Policy: Key to comprehensive national land development 106 6.Participation in the Vietnam War: First dispatch of the country’s armed forces and a higher-level diplomatic/economic strategy 111 Section 3. The Government Reform of the Park Jung Hee Administration 117 1. Background and direction of government reform 117 2. Contents of the government reform 120 3. Performance and assessment of the government reform 124 Chapter 3 The Chun Doo Hwan Administration Section 1. Inauguration of the Chun Doo Hwan Administration and Foundation of Key Policy Administration 129 1. Inauguration of the administration and introduction ofits organization 129 2. Objectives and directions of the government administration 131 Section 2. Key Policy Initiatives 133 1. Liberalization policy: liberalization of the hair andschool uniform codes, lifting of the curfew 133 2. Policy initiatives to clean up the social evils 138 3. Policy banning private education 141 4. Economic stabilization policy 144 5. Successful bid for the 1986 Seoul Asian Games and1988 Seoul Olympic Games 154 Section 3. The Government Reform of the Chun Doo Hwan Administration 163 1. Background and direction of the government reform 163 2. Contents of the government reform 166 3. Performance and assessment of the government reform 174 Chapter 4 The Roh Tae Woo Administration Section 1. Inauguration of the Roh Tae Woo Administration and Foundation of Key Policy Administration 179 1. Inauguration of the administration and introduction ofits organization 179 2. Objectives and directions of the government administration 182 Section 2. Key Policy Initiatives 184 1. The Northern Policy 184 2. High-speed rail construction project(KTX) 188 3. Incheon International Airport construction project 192 4. Introduction of the concept of public land ownership 198 5. Construction of new towns 203 Section 3. The Government Reform of the Roh Tae Woo Administration 207 1. Background and direction of the government reform 207 2. Contents of the government reform 213 3. Performance and assessment of the government reform 220 Chapter 5 The Kim Young Sam Administration Section 1. Inauguration of the Kim Young Sam Administration and Foundation of Key Policy Administration 227 1. Inauguration of the administration and introduction ofits organization 227 2. Objectives and directions of the government administration 229 Section 2. Key Policy Initiatives 231 1. Real-name financial transaction system 231 2. Diversified foreign relations (“New Diplomacy”) 237 3. Re-establishment of the country’s legitimate history 243 4. Globalization policy 248 5. Full-scale implementation of the local self-governing system 252 Section 3. The Government Reform of the Kim Young Sam Administration 258 1. Background and direction of the government reform 258 2. Contents of the government reform 260 3. Performance and assessment of the government reform 263 Chapter 6 The Kim Dae Jung Administration Section 1. Inauguration of the Kim Dae Jung Administration and Foundation of Key Policy Administration 269 1. Inauguration of the administration and introduction ofits organization 269 2. Objectives and directions of the government administration 273 Section 2. Key Policy Initiatives 276 1. Overcoming of the economic crisis 276 2. Inter-Korean reconciliation-cooperation policy(inter-Korean summit meeting for the first time since the division ofthe Korean Peninsula) 283 3. Nurturing of IT and venture startups(laying the foundation for making South Korea an IT powerhouse) 290 4. Introduction of the national basic living security system 297 5. Hosting of the World Cup football games 303 Section 3. The Government Reform of the Kim Dae Jung Administration 310 1. Background and direction of the government reform 310 2. Contents of the government reform 313 3. Performance and assessment of the government reform 317 Chapter 7 The Roh Moo Hyun Administration Section 1. Inauguration of the Roh Moo Hyun Administration and Foundation of Key Policy Administration 321 1. Inauguration of the administration and introduction ofits organization 321 2. Objectives and directions of the government administration 324 Section 2. Key Policy Initiatives 328 1. Relocation to the new administrative capital and balanced national development 328 2. Decentralization policy of the Participatory Government 335 3. Policy on the “Era of Peace and Prosperity in Northeast Asia” 341 4. Real estate policy 346 5. Welfare policy 350 Scection 3. The Government Reform of the Roh Moo Hyun Administration 357 1. Background and direction of the government reform 357 2. Contents of the government reform 360 3. Performance and assessment of government reform 365 Chapter 8 The Lee Myung Bak Administration Section 1. Inauguration of the Lee Myung Bak Administration and Foundation of Key Policy Administration 369 1. Inauguration of the administration and introduction ofits organization 369 2. Objectives and directions of the government administration 371 Section 2. Key Policy Initiatives 375 1. Overcoming the financial crisis 375 2. Signing of the ROK-U.S. Free Trade Agreement 382 3. Low-Carbon, Green Growth 388 4. Restoration of the Four Major Rivers 394 5. Introduction of general programming channels and establishment ofa competitive broadcasting channel 398 6. Discussion on the relocation of the administrative capital: Development policy for Sejong City 405 Section 3. The Government Reform of the Lee Myung Bak Administration 411 1. Background and direction of the government reform 411 2. Contents of the government reform 415 3. Performance and assessment of the government reform 421 Conclusion: Foundation of the Republic of Korea, Miraculous Industrialization and Democratization, and Strategy of Government Administration Section 1. Foreword: From Foundation to Advancement 427 1. The past, present, and future of the republic 427 2. The government policy and the role of government administration 427 3. Nation building, industrialization, democratization, advancement, and unification 428 Section 2. Theoretical Framework for Analysis 429 1. Nation building and the theory on the formation of the state 429 2. Theories of industrialization 430 3. Theory of democratization: The June 1987 democratic uprising 431 4. Theory of advancement: Globalization, advancement, and nationalcompetence 431 5. Theory of unification 432 6. Key policy initiatives and government administration of the pastgovernments: An approach based on the orthodox theory 432 Section 3. Foundation of the Republic of Korea: The Syngman Rhee Administration, the Korean War, and the Looming Division of the Korean Peninsula 433 1. National ideology: Adoption of liberal democracy and market capitalismas the national ideologies 433 2. Establishment of the national organization and legal system 434 3. Demarcation of the national borders and peace line 435 4. Institutionalization of the national system: Settlement of thebureaucratic apparatus and government reform 435 5. Formation of the people: Farmland reform, education reform, andpostwar restoration 436 6. Capital accumulation and market formation 436 7. Early efforts at and birth of industrialization: Planning apparatus,Five-Year Economic Development Plan, the Henry Tasca Report, andothers 437 8. Rapid development from the embryonic phase in the civil society to thestudent revolution 437 9. Democratization nipped in the bud and early vision of industrialization: The April 19 student revolution and the Jang Myeon administration 438 10. Assessment of the nation-building process 438 Section 4. Industrialization of the Republic of Korea: Development State during the Park Jung Hee, Chun Doo Hwan, and Roh Tae Woo Administrations 439 1. First phase of the industrialization of the republic: The May 16military revolution and the emergence of the development state of the Park Jung Hee administration 439 2. Second-phase industrialization of the republic: The “deepeningindustrial sophistication” strategy and the Yushin regime of the 4thRepublic 442 3. Third-phase industrialization of the republic and economicstabilization: The Chun Doo Hwan administration 444 4. Fourth-phase industrialization of the republic and economicdemocratization 446 Scetion 5. Democratization of the Republic of Korea 450 1. Democratization and advancement of the republic: The Kim Young Samadministration 450 2. Democratization, advancement, and unification of the republic: The Kim Dae Jung administration 453 3. Flinching at the door of national advancement and globalization-theRoh Moo Hyun administration: Balanced regional development andventure into the movement regime 454 Section 6. Advancement and Unification of the Republic of Korea: Challenge, Frustration, and Renewed Challenge 457 1. Challenges with regard to national advancement, and theensuing frustration 457 2. The Lee Myung Bak administration 458 Section 7. Characteristics of the Key Policy Initiatives and GovernmentAdministration of the Past Governments of the Republic ofKorea 459 1. Nation building-industrialization-democratization-advancement-unification: The “Miracle of Han River” made possible by the national ideology and national spirit 459 2. State leadership, national development strategy, and governmentadministration 460 3. Key mechanisms and variables in the push for nationaldevelopment 462 4. Governing ideology, transition of the governing power, and changes inthe key policy initiatives 462 5. Adequacy of the key theories in accordance with the developmentstage of the state 464 Section 8. Conclusions: The Tasks of National Advancement and Unification for the Republic of Korea in the 21st Century 466 저자약력 Publisher Dr. Yoon-Soo Jung (President of KIPA)
Supervised by Prof. Dal-Gon Lee (Gachon University)
Advisory Committee Prof. Suk-Jun Kim (President, Anyang University) Prof. Young-Hee Park (Honorary Professor, Konkuk University) Prof. Byong-Man Ahn (Former Minister of Education, Science and Technology) Prof. Jeong-Gil Yun (Honorary Professor, Konkuk University) Prof. Dal-Gon Lee (Gachon University) Prof. Chung-Kil Chung (Chief Director of the Ulsan University Foundation) Hyeong-Geun Jeong (Former Member of the National Assembly of the Republic of Korea)
Editorial Committee Prof. Sung-Bae Kim (Soongsil University) Prof. Yang-Ho Park (Hongik University) Prof. Dae-Hee Lee (Kwangwoon University) Prof. Jae-Hyun Joo (Myongji University) Prof. Heung-Seok Choi (Korea University) Prof. Mee-Sung Ha (Konkuk University) Prof. Pyo-Hwan Han (Chungnam National University)
Writing Committee
Foreword: Byong-Man Ahn (Former Minister of Education, Science and Technology)
The Syngman Rhee Administration Prof. Jong-Cheol Kim (Yonsei University) Dr. Jeong-Ok Nam (Institute for Military History, MND) Prof. Tae-Gyun Park (Seoul National University) Prof. Hee-Bong Park (Chungang University) Prof. Youn-Chang Shin (Kangwon University) Prof. Dae-Hee Lee (Kwangwoon University) Prof. Seo-Hyeng Lee (The Academy of Korean Studies, AKS) Prof. Ju-Cheon Lee (Wonkwang University) Prof. Shin-Yung Choe (Sookmyung Women’s University) The Jang Myeon Administraition Prof. Jung-Yul Kim (Daegu University) Dr. Hak-Soon Paik (The Sejong Institute) The Park Jung Hee Administration Prof. Wook Kang (Korean National Police University) Prof. Jae-Hoon Kim (Seoul National University of Science & Technology) Prof. Yong-Su Bae (Kongju National University) Prof. Soon-Chang So (Konkuk University) Prof. Jin-Kwang So (Gachon University) Prof. Won-Hee Lee (Hankyong National University) Prof. Jong-Soo Lee (Hansung University) Prof. To-Bin Im (Seoul National University) Prof. Dong-Jin Lim (Soonchunhyang University) Prof. Mee-Sung Ha (Konkuk University) The Chun Doo Hwan Administration Dr. Il-Gyu Kang (Korea Research Institute for Vocational Education & Training, KRIVET) Prof. Yong-Soo Kwon (Konkuk University) Prof. Hyun-Joon Kim (Korea University) Prof. Jin-Keun Park (Yonsei University) Prof. Chi-Sung Park (Chungang University) Prof. Jae-Rok Oh (Jeonju University) Prof. Tae-Seoung Lim (Hanyang University) Prof. Hyug-Baeg Im (Korea University) Prof. Sung-Gul Hong (Kookmin University) The Roh Tae Woo Administration Dr. Kyur-Yoon Kim (Korea Institute for National Unification, KINU) Prof. Keun-Sei Kim (Sungkyungkwan University) Prof. Tae-Ryong Kim (Sangji University) Prof. Yang-Ho Park (Hongik University) Prof. Byung-Seol Byun (Inha University) Prof. Sang-Yong Sim (National Defense University) Prof. Soon-Tak Suh (University of Seoul) Prof. Song Lee (University of Seoul) Prof. Tae-Soo Ha (Kyonggi University of Seoul) The Kim Young Sam Administration Prof. Byung-Moon Kim (Andong University) Dr. Chang-Ho Geum (Korea Research Institute for Local Administration, KRILA) Prof. Ik-Sup Shim (Dongguk University) Prof. Nam-Kuk Lee (Pukyong National University) Dr. Sang-Rok Lee (National Institute of Korean History, NIKH) Prof. Chang-Won Lee (Hansung University) Prof. Jin-Wook Choi (Korea University) Prof. Pyo-Hwan Han (Chungnam National University) Prof. Jih-Wan Hwang (University of Seoul) The Kim Dae Jung Administration Prof. Byung-Sook Kim (Konkuk University) Prof. Sung-Jae Kim (Yonsei University) Prof. Chung-In Moon (Yonsei University) Dr. Jong-Chul Park (KINU) Dr. Won-Seok Suh (KIPA) Prof. Hah-Zoong Song (Kyung Hee University) Prof. In-Sil Yi (Sogang University) Prof. Joo-Hun Lee (University of Seoul) Prof. Heung-Suk Choi (Korea University) The Roh Moo Hyun Administration Prof. Seok-Jin Lew (Sogang University) Prof. Jae-Hyun Joo (Myongji University) Prof. Chang-Heum Byeon (Sejong University) Prof. Kyoung-Ryung Seong (Hallym University) Prof. Seong-Ho Ahn (Daejeon University) Prof. Su-Hoon Lee (Kyungnam University) Prof. Ji-Ho Jang (Hankuk University of Foreign Studies) Dr. Hye-Kyung Chang (Korean Women’s Development Institute, KWDI) Dr. Hie-Shin Hwang (KIPA) The Lee Myung Bak Administration Prof. Kwan-Bo Kim (The Catholic University of Korea) Prof. Dong-Wook Kim (Seoul National University) Prof. Sang-Hyup Kim (Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, KAIST) Prof. Sung-Bae Kim (Soongsil University) Prof. Young-Han Kim (Sungkyungkwan University) Prof. Jung-Soo Park (Ewha Womans University) Prof. Chun-Oh Park (Myongji University) Prof. Hyung-Ki Ahn (Konkuk University) Dr. Chang-Hyun Yun (Korea Institute of Finance, KIF) Prof. Hyue-Su Ha (Kyungpook National University) Conclusions: Prof. Suk-Jun Kim (Anyang University, President) Director-General of the Project Dr. Hyun-Mo Yang (KIPA) Assistant Administrator by the Administration The Syngman Rhee/Jang Myeon Administration: Se-Hyun Cho (KIPA) The Park Jung Hee Administration: Dr. Hie-Shin Hwang (KIPA) The Chun Doo Hwan Administration: Dr. Young-Rok Kim/Sung-Geun Kim (KIPA) The Roh Tae Woo Administration: Dr. Jong-Seol Yun (KIPA) The Kim Young Sam Administration: Dr. Sung-Geun Lim (KIPA) The Kim Dae Jung Administration: Dr. Yoon-Kyung Oh (KIPA) The Roh Moo Hyun Administration: Dr. Joon-Young Hur (KIPA) The Lee Myung Bak Administration: Dr. Soon-Young Choi (KIPA) Assistant to Director-General of the Project Dr. Gee-Weon Chang (KIPA) Administration Support (Correction) Min-Tae Lee (KIPA) |